{"id":230,"date":"2026-06-07T05:07:30","date_gmt":"2026-06-07T05:07:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/atlaslivingmedia.com\/?p=230"},"modified":"2026-06-07T05:07:30","modified_gmt":"2026-06-07T05:07:30","slug":"gross-cruelty-and-fraud-in-the-gulf-of-tonkin-a-brief-history","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/atlaslivingmedia.com\/?p=230","title":{"rendered":"\u2018Gross Cruelty and Fraud\u2019 in the Gulf of Tonkin: A Brief History"},"content":{"rendered":"<article>\n<div>\n<div>\n<article>\n<header>\n<div>\n<ul><li>Books &amp; the Arts<\/li><li>July 31, 2014<\/li><\/ul><h1>\u2018Gross Cruelty and Fraud\u2019 in the Gulf of Tonkin: A Brief History<\/h1><h1>\u2018Gross Cruelty and Fraud\u2019 in the Gulf of Tonkin: A Brief History<\/h1><h2><p>The quagmire of the Vietnam War was built on a \u201cqueasy foundation of fact and myth.\u201d<\/p><p>Read more <a href=\"https:\/\/atlaslivingmedia.com\/?p=225\">How Much On-Screen Violence Is Too Much?<\/a><\/p>\n<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/header>\n<section>\n<time>July 31, 2014<\/time>\n<div>\n<p>In August of 1884, the French navy attacked Tonkin, the Northern part of what we today call Vietnam. The area happened to be under Chinese control, but expansion-minded French colonial authorities sought to ensure freedom of access for French traders.\t\t\t\t\n<p>\u201cThe story of French action in Tonquin is a story of gross cruelty and fraud,\u201d an essay in <em>The Nation<\/em> of October 23, 1884, declared.\n<p>Published without a byline, the article\u2014a review of a book about the French in Indochina\u2014was written by Robert Durie Osborn, a recently retired lieutenant colonel in the English army in India (described by an author in 1901 as \u201ca red-hot Radical and a perpetual thorn in the side of the Indian Government\u201d). The French campaign, he wrote in <em>The Nation<\/em>, was nothing short of horrific: \u201cTowns were bombarded, and all prisoners taken in action were shot or hanged without a touch of pity or compunction.\u201d\n<p>Beyond its cruelty, Osborn continued, the war was\u2014for the French\u2014neither winnable nor worth winning: \u201cThe revenues of the republic\u2026are not in a condition to bear the burden of a distant and costly war.\u201d Even if France did manage to come out of it with a semblance of victory\u2014peace with honor, perhaps?\u2014\n<blockquote>\n<p>it will be with her resources so exhausted and her military strength so impaired that for many a year after she will be in a measure effaced from the politics of Europe. That the possession of Tonquin will be the source of any profit to France, few can anticipate who know the unfortunate result of French colonial enterprises hitherto.\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>* * *\n<p>Almost exactly eighty years after the French assault on Tonkin, and fifty years ago this weekend, the United States navy reported that its ships had been attacked some miles off the shore of North Vietnam, in the gulf that bears the old French protectorate\u2019s name. Provocatively, the US ships were patrolling in areas where South Vietnam was conducting active operations against the North, prompting the latter, quite understandably, to perceive the Americans as participants in the hostilities. Torpedo boats approached within a few nautical miles of the USS <em>Maddox<\/em>, which responded with warning shots. The subsequent firefight killed four North Vietnamese sailors, destroyed several of their boats, and lightly wounded an American ship and a plane.\n<p>Two days later, American ships again reported that they were under attack and for hours fiercely maneuvered and fired at North Vietnamese boats, two of which they claimed to have sunk. As it turned out, the American ships had only been picking up radar signals from their own equipment, chasing phantoms as Don Quixote had combated windmills. Regardless, President Lyndon Johnson seized on the incident as a pretext for bombing North Vietnam and drastically escalating American involvement in the war. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution authorizing such action passed on August 7, 1964, with only two senators objecting: Wayne Morse of Oregon, a frequent <em>Nation<\/em> contributor, and Ernest Greuning of Alaska, managing editor of this publication in the early 1920s.\n<p>\u201cThe excessive retaliatory action the President saw fit to order brings us closer to the brink of World War III,\u201d  in the next issue. \u201cHe laid all the blame on the North Vietnamese and took no account of the fact that there had been prior South Vietnamese and American provocation to match any that we suffered.\u201d\n<p>The issue also contained an essay by John Gange, a professor at the University of Oregon and a former State Department official, titled \u201cMisadventure in Vietnam: The Mix of Fact and Myth.\u201d A brief history of American involvement in Indochina since the French defeat at Dienbienphu in 1954, Gange\u2019s report also bears within it warnings of what would indeed doom the US campaign from the start: the impossibility, the immorality, the stupidity of the mission, the utter waste of resources and lives.\n<p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-227\" height=\"514\" src=\"https:\/\/atlaslivingmedia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/d426fc011da1523c93629f2f53169905.jpg\" width=\"370\" srcset=\"https:\/\/atlaslivingmedia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/d426fc011da1523c93629f2f53169905.jpg 370w, https:\/\/atlaslivingmedia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/d426fc011da1523c93629f2f53169905-216x300.jpg 216w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 370px) 100vw, 370px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<p>Gange then assailed the myth known as the \u201cdomino theory,\u201d the linchpin of American foreign policy during most of the Cold War:\n<p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-228\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/atlaslivingmedia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/68ba17fdbc82607734bb78143947ec17.jpg\" width=\"364\" srcset=\"https:\/\/atlaslivingmedia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/68ba17fdbc82607734bb78143947ec17.jpg 364w, https:\/\/atlaslivingmedia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/68ba17fdbc82607734bb78143947ec17-300x165.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 364px) 100vw, 364px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-229\" height=\"580\" src=\"https:\/\/atlaslivingmedia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/ba3eed5430d6ac3ce5af82bb73f3c448.jpg\" width=\"365\" srcset=\"https:\/\/atlaslivingmedia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/ba3eed5430d6ac3ce5af82bb73f3c448.jpg 365w, https:\/\/atlaslivingmedia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/ba3eed5430d6ac3ce5af82bb73f3c448-189x300.jpg 189w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 365px) 100vw, 365px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/p><\/p><\/p><p>Read more <a href=\"https:\/\/atlaslivingmedia.com\/?p=224\">How Much On-Screen Violence Is Too Much?<\/a><\/p><\/p><\/p><\/p><\/p><\/p><\/p><\/p><\/p><\/p><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<footer>\n<ul>\n<li>\n\n                Submit a correction\n            \n<\/li>\n<li>\n\n                Send a letter to the editor\n            \n<\/li>\n<li>\n\n                Reprints &amp; permissions\n            \n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div>\n<div>\n<h2><i>Support <\/i>The Nation<i>\u2019s June Fundraising Campaign<\/i><\/h2>\n<p>With the midterm elections now firmly upon us, the question is whether Democratic candidates will do more than merely occupy ballot lines as mild alternatives to the red-hot crisis that is Donald Trump.<\/p>\n<p>As Trump spends over $1 billion a day on a globally destabilizing war on Iran and admits that he doesn\u2019t \u201cthink about Americans\u2019 financial situation,\u201d millions across the country are struggling with the surging costs of essentials. Democrats must seize this moment and advance bold, small-\u201cd\u201d populist ideas\u2014not settle for cynical caution that once again snatches defeat from the jaws of victory.<\/p>\n<p><i>The Nation<\/i> elevates progressive ideas, movements, and elected officials achieving real change across the country into the national conversation. At the same time, our journalists are exposing how crypto and AI-funded super PACs are spending hundreds of millions of dollars to knock out candidates they oppose, reporting on the devastating impact of the Supreme Court\u2019s evisceration of the Voting Rights Act, and sounding the alarm on attempts by red states to quickly redraw electoral maps, disenfranchising Southern Black voters.<\/p>\n<p><b>We can play this critical role because of support from readers like you. This June, we\u2019re raising $20,000 to power <i>The Nation<\/i>\u2019s independent journalism in the run-up to November\u2019s immensely consequential elections.<\/b><\/p>\n<p>It\u2019s in our power to build a more just society, and your support at this critical moment brings us closer to that bold vision. I hope you\u2019ll donate today.<\/p>\n<p>Onward, <br\/><br\/><span>Katrina vanden Huevel<br\/>Editor and Publisher, <i><span>The Nation<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/p> <\/div>\n<div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><span> Richard Kreitner<svg>\n<\/svg>\n<\/span>Richard Kreitner is a contributing writer and the author of <em>Break It Up: Secession, Division, and the Secret History of America\u2019s Imperfect Union<\/em>. His writings are at richardkreitner.com.<\/p><p>Read more <a href=\"https:\/\/atlaslivingmedia.com\/?p=222\">Requiem for the American Empire<\/a><\/p><br\/><p><span> Back Issues<\/span>Guided tours through the archive of America\u2019s oldest weekly.\r\n<\/p><br\/>\n<\/div>\n<input\/>\n<input\/>\n<\/footer>\n<\/article>\n\n\n\nAd Policy\n<!-- <a class=\"inifiniteLoader\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/images\/new_infi_loader.gif\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a> -->\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Nation Magazine<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":226,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-230","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u2018Gross Cruelty and Fraud\u2019 in the Gulf of Tonkin: A Brief History - 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